![]() Li/Li +) in particular, pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraketone ( 1, PTO) has a capacity of 409 mA h g −1 and has been studied in depth both experimentally and theoretically. The main merits of the quinone compound cathode materials are their great theoretical capacity (902 mA h g −1) and high redox potential (3.0 V vs. The reversible insertion and extraction of the lithium ions are achieved through the conversion between the carbonyl and enol structures. While charging, lithium ions are released with electrons from the enol salts and return to the carbonyl groups. While discharging, the oxygen atom on each carbonyl group obtains an electron along with a lithium ion to form a lithium enol salt. Among other candidates, quinone derivatives have been studied experimentally as promising organic electrode materials, given that the reversible redox reactions occur between Li atoms and the carbonyl group. The lithium storage mechanism of organic carbonyl compounds relies on the redox reactions of the oxygen atom on the carbonyl group, which is able to undergo a reversible one-electron reduction to generate a radical anion that combines with lithium ions. ![]() Within this field, organic electrode materials have become rather promising candidates for lithium-ion batteries, since organic constituents usually have the advantages of higher recyclability and easier synthesis against inorganic compounds. Powered by the rising demand for large-scale electrochemical energy storage devices such as smart grids and electric vehicles, low-cost batteries with high energy density have become a major interest among sustainable energy research.
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